APPENDIX B
SECTION 1: GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
1. All lumber, including for decking, must be pressure-preservative-treated and must be either douglas fir/larch, hemlock/fir, spruce/pine/fir (SPF), or southern pine, of grade #2 or better – unless a naturally durable species such as a western red cedar is used. Lumber in contact with the ground must be rated as “ground-contact.” The lumber must be identified by the grade mark of, or certificate of inspection issued by, a professional lumber-grading or inspection bureau or agency (www.alsc.org). Note: Not all treated lumber is rated for ground contact. See Table C-1 in Appendix C for further information. 2. Wood-plastic composites must bear a label indicating their performance criteria and compliance with ASTM D7032.
Note: Wood-plastic composites are materials composed of wood fibers or powder that is bound with plastic and used typically as decking and elements of a guard or handrail.
Note: When using a wood-plastic composite, exercise caution as some composite members do not have the same capabilities as their equivalent wood sizes.
3. Nails must be threaded, which includes ring-shanked (annular-grooved) and spiral-grooved.
Note: A 1/8 inch pilot hole is recommended for all toe-nailing locations.
4. All fasteners must be galvanized steel, stainless steel, or approved for use with preservative-treated lumber.
5. Throughout this document, 1/2 inch-diameter bolts and lag screws are specified for various connections. Edge distance and spacing requirements are based on 1/2 inch-diameter fasteners. If larger (or smaller) fasteners are specified, edge distance and spacing need to be adjusted.
6. Carriage-bolts may be substituted where through-bolts are specified, if carriage-bolt washers are installed at the bolt head.
Note: Carriage-bolt washers have square holes.
7. Hardware, including joist hangers or post anchors, must be galvanized steel with 1.85 ounces of zinc per square foot (G-185 coating), or stainless steel. All fasteners that are used with any hardware must be the same material as the hardware. All hardware must be installed in accordance with any instructions from the manufacturer.
Note: For galvanized steel, look for product lines such as “Zmax,” “Triple Zinc,” or “Gold Coat.”
Note: Galvanized steel is not compatible with stainless steel, which can result in rapid corrosion and structural failure.
Note: Hardware and fasteners that are beneath a hot tub which uses salt-water disinfection should be stainless steel, grade 304 or 316.
8. Every deck must have an electrical outlet along the perimeter of the deck and within 6.5 feet of the floor in accordance with NEC section 210.52(E)(3). See ch. SPS 316 of the Wisconsin Administrative Code for requirements about installing electrical wiring. 9. A deck constructed in accordance with these standards is not approved for concentrated loads that exceed 40 pounds per square foot (psf), such as from privacy screens, planters, built-in seating, hot tubs, stairs for multiple-level decks, or from snow-drift loads or sliding-snow loads. Engineering analysis is needed for these loads.
Note: See Appendix C for features of a deck which are somewhat uncommon or which have more complexity than is addressed in this Appendix – such as design values for joists consisting of western cedar or red pine, framing details around chimneys and bay windows, or ledger boards for metal-plate-connected wood floor trusses. Appendix C also includes reference material, such as more-detailed specifications for fasteners.
10. Specifications for fasteners and hardware. All nails must meet the requirements of ASTM F1667. Wood screws must meet the requirements of ANSI/ASME B18.6.1. Bolts and lag screws must meet the requirements of ANSI/ASME B18.2.1.
Fasteners to be hot-dipped galvanized must meet the requirements of ASTM A153, Standard Specification for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on Iron and Steel Hardware, Class D for fasteners 3/8” diameter and smaller or Class C for fasteners with diameters over 3/8”.
Fasteners other than nails and timber rivets may consist of mechanically deposited zinc-coated steel with coating weights in accordance with ASTM B695, Class 55, minimum.
Hardware to be hot-dipped prior to fabrication must meet ASTM A653, Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) or Zinc-Iron Alloy-Coated (Galvannealed) by the Hot-Dip Process, G-185 coating. Hardware to be hot-dipped galvanized after fabrication must meet ASTM A123, Specification for Zinc (Hot-Dip Galvanized) Coatings on Iron and Steel Products.
11. Safety glazing at decks shall be in accordance with the safety glazing requirements of the Uniform Dwelling Code (UDC).
SECTION 2: FOOTINGS, AND POST CONNECTIONS
Footings must comply with all of the following:
1. Concrete must be used and must have a minimum compressive strength of 3,000 pounds per square inch.
2. Footing size and thickness must be in accordance with Table 1. (See sections 4 and 5 for determining post spacing and joist length.)
3. Post attachments must be in accordance with Figure 1 except expansion anchors are also permitted – and any instructions from the manufacturer of the anchor must be followed.
4. Post anchors must include a 1-inch-minimum base plate. Steel plates are not required.
5. Each post must bear directly over the middle one-third of a footing.
6. Footings must bear on solid ground below the frost penetration level or at least 48 inches below finished grade, whichever is deeper. Bearing onto unprepared fill material, organic soil, alluvial soil, or mud is prohibited. The bearing capacity of the soil is presumed to be at least 2000 pounds per square foot (psf), and must be verified by a building inspector prior to placement of concrete.
7. If the edge of a deck footing is closer than 5 feet to an existing house wall, the footing must bear at the same elevation as the existing footing for that wall.
8. Construction of footings over utility lines or any service pipe is prohibited.
Note: Call the utility provider before digging.
Table 1
FOOTING SIZE (In Inches)1,2,3
Figure 1
FOOTINGS
SECTION 3: POSTS AND POST-TO-BEAM CONNECTIONS
Posts must comply with all of the following:
1. The post height, measured from the top of the footing to the underside of the beam, must be in accordance with Table 2.
Table 2
MAXIMUM POST HEIGHT
2. Any post supporting a beam splice must be a minimum of 6”x6”.
3. Beams must be attached to posts by the appropriate methods shown in Figure 2. Toe-nailing of beams to posts is prohibited.
4. Post caps, as shown in Figure 2, must be specifically designed for 2- or 3-ply beams and the post size used. Attachment must be in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
